Pneumoconiosis

What is pneumoconiosis?

Pneumoconiosis, also known as black lung disease, is a disease affecting the lungs, and most commonly known to afflict coal workers. It is an occupational lung disease caused by prolonged exposure to and inhalation of dust, often in coal mines. It falls under the category of restrictive lung diseases that restrict lung expansion. It can be defined as the accumulation of coal dust or other dusts in the lungs and the reaction of the tissue to its presence.

Types of pneumoconiosis

There are two main types:

  • Simple : known as coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP)
  • Complicated : known as progressive massive fibrosis (PMF).

more on the different types of pneumoconiosis.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Chronic cough and shortness of breath are the most common symptoms that prompt people to seek out treatment. Typically patients are diagnosed after taking chest x-rays and pulmonary function test, taking into account their occupational history such as exposure to coal dust.

Who gets it?

Most commonly, people who work in jobs where they are exposed to coal dust, such as coal miners, are at risk to get pneumoconiosis. This not only includes working in a coal mine or loading coal for storage, but also working in a graphite mine or mill, and manufacturing carbon electrodes and carbon black. The typical use for carbon electrodes is some large furnaces, and carbon black is used in tires and other rubber goods among many other products.

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Asbestosis

What is Asbestosis?

Asbestosis is a respiratory disease brought on by inhaling of asbestos fibers.

What are the causes, incidence, and risk factors?

Inhaling asbestos fibers can cause scar tissue (fibrosis) to form inside the lung. Lung tissue that is scarred does not expand and contract like normal tissue, and thus it cannot perform gas exchange.

The severity of asbestosis depends on how long the person was exposed to asbestos and the amount inhaled. In many cases the symptoms and lung fibrosis do not occur and can even go noticed for a period of 20 years or more after the initial asbestos exposure. Asbestos fibers were commonly used in construction before 1975. Asbestos exposure occured in asbestos mining and milling industries, construction, fireproofing, and other industries. In some cases the families of asbestos workers were also exposed, due to particles brought home on the worker’s clothing.

Asbestos-related disease includes pleural plaques (calcification), malignant mesothelioma, and pleural effusion. Mesotheliomas has also been known to develop as late as 20 – 40 years after exposure. Thanks to government regulations, workers today are less likely to develop asbestos-related disease. As unlikely as it might sound, experts agree that cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing the disease.

What are the symptoms?

The most common symptoms are chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath on exertion (which gradually and progressively gets worse), tightness in the chest. Other possible additional symptoms include nail abnormalities and clubbing of fingers.

How is it diagnosed?

When listening to the chest with a stethoscope (auscultation), the doctor may detect a crackling sound. In addition it may be diagnosed as a result of a chest x-ray, a CT scan of the lungs, a Gallium lung scan or other pulmonary function tests.

What is the treatment?

There is no curative treatment for asbestosis. Stopping further exposure to asbestos is essential. To ease symptoms, postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration can help remove secretions from the lungs. Oxygen therapy at home is often necessary to relieve the shortness of breath and correct underlying hypoxia and the doctor may prescribe aerosol medications to thin secretions. The oxygen therapy is typically by mask or by a plastic piece that fits into the nostrils. Certain patients may require lung transplantation.

Expectations (prognosis)

The outcome depends on the duration and extent of the asbestos exposure. Patients who develop malignant mesothelioma have a poor probable outcome, with 75% of those affected dying within 1 year.

Complications

Other complications associated with this condition include malignant mesothelioma and pleural effusion. It is essential to call your health care provider if you suspect that you’ve been exposed to asbestos or if you have any unexplained symptoms.

Prevention

In people who are exposed to asbestos, early screening by chest x-ray may help prevent asbestosis.

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